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Intercultural Communication in Contexts Judith Martin 7th Edition- Test Bank

Intercultural Communication in Contexts Judith Martin 7th Edition- Test Bank

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Intercultural Communication in Contexts Judith Martin 7th Edition- Test Bank

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CHAPTER 3

CULTURE, COMMUNICATION, CONTEXT, AND POWER

MULTIPLECHOICE QUESTIONS

  1. The learned pattern of perception, values, and behaviors shared by a group of people is known as _____.
  2. stereotyping
  3. perception
  4. culture
  5. heterogeneity

Ans: c

  1. The ways in which a culture judges good or bad, or right or wrong are often determined by _____.
  2. stereotypes
  3. values
  4. perceptions
  5. beliefs

Ans: b

  1. Collectively, the values and perceptions of a cultural group represent its _____.
  2. worldview
  3. history
  4. communication patterns
  5. beliefs

Ans: a

  1. White Americans think that there is greater equality between races than do African Americans. This difference between cultural groups illustrates that _____.
  2. culture is a group-related perception
  3. culture is expressed as behavior
  4. culture is dynamic
  5. culture involves power

Ans: a

  1. The idea that not all members of a particular group will behave or think in the same way illustrates that _____.
  2. culture is shared
  3. culture is expressed as behavior
  4. culture is heterogeneous
  5. culture involves power

Ans: c

  1. Many Native American students are soft spoken and hesitate to participate in classroom discussions. Amy, however, is a Native American who actively participates in class and often asks questions to her instructors. Amy's behavior illustrates that _____.
  2. culture is shared
  3. culture is expressed as behavior
  4. culture is dynamic
  5. culture is heterogeneous

Ans: d

  1. The symbolic process whereby reality is produced, maintained, repaired, and transformed is known as_____.
  2. culture
  3. power
  4. communication
  5. language

Ans: c

  1. The fact that Berta uses her chininstead of her finger to point at an object across the room illustrates that communication is _____.
  2. dynamic
  3. unintentional
  4. receiver oriented
  5. symbolic

Ans: d

  1. An "easy" class or quiz can mean different things to different people. This illustrates that communication is:
  2. sharing and negotiating meaning.
  3. unintentional.
  4. receiver oriented.
  5. symbolic.

Ans: a

  1. The idea that we are constantly sending and receiving messages which may change midstream illustrates that communication is _____.
  2. sharing and negotiating meaning
  3. unintentional
  4. dynamic
  5. symbolic

Ans: c

  1. Jeff accidentally insulted the parents of his roommate Mohammed by putting his feet up on the desk when they were visiting their dorm room. Jeff's behavior (and subsequent apology) illustrates that communication can be _____.
  2. dynamic
  3. unintentional
  4. receiver oriented
  5. symbolic

Ans: b

  1. Daniel offended a classmate by trying to help her with her books. She told him he was sexist and that he should quit patronizing her. In trying to be helpful, Daniel has illustrated that communication is _____.
  2. sharing and negotiating meaning
  3. unintentional
  4. receiver oriented
  5. dynamic

Ans: c

  1. Societies that are more likely to punish criminals than rehabilitate them probably see human nature as _____.
  2. innate
  3. basically good
  4. a combination of good and evil
  5. essentially evil

Ans: d

  1. Which relationship between humans and nature is illustrated by societies which place less emphasis on birth controland tend not to interfere with rivers by building dams?
  2. domination of nature over humans
  3. humans living in harmony with nature
  4. humans dominate nature
  5. low access to technology

Ans: a

  1. Kyle doesn't understand why people in some countries don't make greater use of agricultural technology and why, if they have large populations, more people don't practice birth control. Kyle probably lives in a society with a _____ orientation.
  2. domination of nature over humans
  3. humans living in harmony with nature
  4. humans dominate nature
  5. technological

Ans: c

  1. Many Guatemalans place great emphasis on extended families and are more likely to consult with family members when making important decisions. This culture most likely representsa(n) _____ society.
  2. individualist
  3. collectivist
  4. feminine
  5. masculine

Ans: b

  1. A culture thatvalues being productive and keeping busy tends to have a _____ orientation to human activity.
  2. doing
  3. puritan
  4. growing
  5. being

Ans: a

  1. Carmen would rather spend time interacting and relaxing with friends than working. In fact, she recently turned down a promotion because it would mean she would see her family and friends less. Carmen probably grew up in a culture with a _____ value orientation toward human activity.
  2. doing
  3. puritan
  4. growing
  5. being

Ans: d

  1. Shauna, age 27, has started to put money into an IRA. She doesn't plan to use this money until she retires. Shauna probably lives in a culture with a _____ orientation toward time.
  2. future
  3. past
  4. present
  5. financial

Ans: a

  1. The extent to which less powerful members of a society expect and accept power is known as _____.
  2. masculinity–femininity
  3. uncertainty avoidance
  4. power distance
  5. long-term orientation to life

Ans: c

  1. Many people in Central America have a preference for gender-specific roles (e.g., men should be primary bread winners and women are responsible for the family). They probably have a(n) _____value orientation.
  2. power distance
  3. uncertainty avoidance
  4. masculine
  5. feminine

Ans: c

  1. The degree to which people feel threatened by ambiguous situations and try to ensure certainty by establishing more structure is referred to as _____.
  2. power distance
  3. uncertainty avoidance
  4. masculinity
  5. femininity

Ans: b

  1. Cultures whose members participate in religions like Hinduism and Buddhism, which emphasize virtue, tenacity, and perseverance, have a _____ orientation toward life.
  2. long-term
  3. feminine
  4. short-term
  5. masculine

Ans: a

  1. Jeremy is always polite and courteous to his instructors at school but tends to be a bit rowdy with his friends at a party. This difference in Jeremy's communication illustrates the importance of _____ in determining behavior and communication.
  2. power distance
  3. context
  4. rituals
  5. ethnocentrism

Ans: b

  1. Our sense of familiarity and comfort within our own cultures is known as _____.
  2. uncertainty avoidance
  3. embodied ethnocentrism
  4. symbolic significance
  5. preferred personality

Ans: b

26._____ refers to acting or presenting oneself in a specific way so as to accomplish some goal.

a.Symbolic significance

  1. Indulgence
  2. Preferred personality
  3. Performative

Ans: d

  1. A research method where writers examine their own life experiences to discover broader cultural insights is known as:
  2. frame analysis.
  3. phenomenography.
  4. autoethnography.
  5. hermeneutics.

Ans: c

  1. _____ is a cultural variability dimension that reflects a subjective feeling of happiness.
  2. Indulgence versus restraint
  3. Long-term versus short-term orientation
  4. Masculinity–femininity value
  5. Uncertainty avoidance

Ans: a

  1. _____ is a specialized area of study whereby interpretive scholars analyze verbal and nonverbal activities that have symbolic significance for the members of cultural groups to understand the rules and patterns followed by the groups.
  2. Phenomenology
  3. Pragmatics
  4. Conversational analysis
  5. Ethnography of communication

Ans: d

  1. Interpretive scholars view culture as shared and learned and tend to focus on the:
  2. often conflictual nature of cultural boundaries.
  3. contextual patterns of communication behavior.
  4. role of perception in cultural patterns.
  5. heterogeneity of cultural groups.

Ans: b

  1. In the context of the role of perception in cultural patterns, in contrast to Asians, North European cultural groups:
  2. lay heavy emphasis on sensory information and feeling.

b.use more description and physical metaphors to capture their perceptions.

  1. tend to be more abstract, stressing coherent explanation.
  2. emphasize action-oriented procedures.

Ans: c

TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS

  1. People in collectivist societies tend to value direct communication and active conflict resolution styles in order to maintain the group.

Ans: F

  1. Groups with the most power determine what the acceptable communication system of an entire society will be.

Ans: T

  1. People of different ages, genders, physical abilities, or sexual orientations have relatively equal access to power in the United States.

Ans: F

  1. People tend to communicate the same way regardless of the setting or the people with whom they are speaking.

Ans: F

  1. 36. People who value quality of life, service to others, and support for the unfortunate tend to have a masculine value orientation.

Ans: F

  1. A culture whose members believe that less hierarchy is better and that power should be used only for legitimate purposes tends to have a low power distance orientation.

Ans: T

  1. Great Britain, Hong Kong, and the United States have low levels of uncertainty avoidance.

Ans: T

  1. Forces that attempt to change or retain existing social structures contribute to the political context.

Ans: T

  1. Most people in the United States believe that man is essentially evil because we are interested not in rehabilitation, but in punishment of criminal offenders.

Ans: F

  1. The most common form of activity in the United States seems to involve a "doing"orientation.

Ans: T

  1. The interpretive perspective on communication emphasizes that the process by which we negotiate meaning is static.

Ans: F

  1. Researchers Florence Kluckhohn and Fred Strodtbeck emphasized the centrality of cultural values in understanding cultural groups.

Ans: T

  1. Preferred personality refers to the importance or meaning that most members of a cultural group attach to a communication activity.

Ans: F

  1. People with a long-term value orientation are concerned with possessing the truth, focusing on quick results in endeavors, and recognizing social pressure to conform.

Ans: F

ESSAY QUESTIONS

  1. Identify, discuss, and provide examples of the three possible relationships between humans and nature according to Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck.
  1. Compare and contrast the individualist and the collectivist orientations toward relationships between humans.
  1. Identify and discuss two ways in which communication reinforces culture.
  1. 49. Discuss the role of power in the intercultural communication process.

CHAPTER 5

IDENTITY AND INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION

MULTIPLECHOICE QUESTIONS

  1. Women who join social groups exclusive to women are highlighting their _____ identity.
  2. gender
  3. age
  4. ethnic
  5. religious

Ans: a

  1. In the United States, a 40-year-old man who lives with his parents and spends most of his time playing video games and chasing women is generally not seen as enacting his _____ identity.
  2. gender
  3. age
  4. ethnic
  5. sexual

Ans: b

  1. Typically, _____ identity includes knowledge of a group's traditions, customs, values, and a feeling of belonging to that group.
  2. gender
  3. age
  4. ethnic
  5. religious

Ans: c

  1. U.S. Americans who identify not only with being U.S. citizens but also as being members of ethnic groupsare often called _____.
  2. global nomads (TCKs)
  3. culture brokers
  4. hyphenated Americans
  5. modelminorities

Ans: c

  1. A person who wears a crucifix around his or her neck is probably communicating his or her _____ identity.
  2. ethnic
  3. national
  4. religious
  5. class

Ans: c

  1. Trailer trash or white trash are terms used to mark _____ differences in U.S. society.
  2. ethnic
  3. racial
  4. religious
  5. class

Ans: d

  1. Anu was born in the United States. Her parents were born in India. When Anu interacts with the children of other Indian immigrants, she is most likely enacting her _____ identity.
  2. ethnic
  3. national
  4. religious
  5. class

Ans: a

  1. Belle is from South Carolina. She is proud that she speaks with an accent and has no real desire to visit or live in the West. Belle affirms her _____ identity.
  2. ethnic
  3. national
  4. regional
  5. class

Ans: c

  1. The stage of minority identity development characterized by the lack of exploration of ethnicity is known as _____.
  2. conformity
  3. resistance and separatism
  4. unexamined identity
  5. integration

Ans: c

  1. Manuel accepts the values and attitudes of the majority culture. Although he is Mexican American, he is often embarrassed by other members of his group. He has a strong desire to assimilate into the mainstream. Manuel is probably in the _____ stage of minority identity development.
  2. unexamined identity
  3. resistance and separatism
  4. conformity
  5. integration

Ans: c

  1. Simone, an African American, is not interested or concerned with ethnicity. "Why would I need to learn about black history?" she asks. She says, "I'm just into my own thing." Simone is probably in the _____ stage of minority identity development.
  2. unexamined identity
  3. resistance and separatism
  4. conformity
  5. integration

Ans: a

  1. In the _____ stage of minority identity development, individuals internalize the values and norms of the dominant group and may have negative attitudes toward themselves or toward their group in general.
  2. unexamined identity
  3. resistance and separatism
  4. conformity
  5. integration

Ans: c

  1. In the _____ stage of minority identity development, individuals may reject the values and norms associated with the dominant group while embracing all the attitudes and values attributed to his or her own group.
  2. unexamined identity
  3. resistance and separatism
  4. conformity
  5. integration

Ans: b

  1. Bertina, a Native American, believes that Navajo customs and traditions provide the most effective responses to everyday issues. She rejects Westernized medicine when she is sick and refuses to be cured by anyone but a traditional healer. Bertina is probably in the _____ stage of minority identity development.
  2. conformity
  3. unexamined identity
  4. integration
  5. resistance and separatism

Ans: d

  1. A person with a strong sense of his or her own group identity and an appreciation of other cultural groups is probably in the _____ stage of minority identity development.
  2. unexamined identity
  3. resistance and separatism
  4. conformity
  5. integration

Ans: d

  1. Vivian, an African American, is proud to be black. She admires, however, many Latin Americans' emphasis on family and applauds the successes of many Asian Americans. Vivian is probably in the _____ stage of minority identity development.
  2. integration
  3. conformity
  4. resistance and separatism
  5. unexamined identity

Ans: a

  1. A person who is aware of some physical and cultural differences, but does not fear other racial or ethnic groups or feel a sense of superiority is probably in the _____ stage of majority identity development.
  2. resistance
  3. acceptance
  4. redefinition and integration
  5. unexamined identity

Ans: d

  1. A person who doesn't question the basic racial inequities in society and who may even believe that minority groups need help to assimilate is probably in the _____ stage of majority identity development.
  2. resistance
  3. acceptance
  4. redefinition and integration
  5. unexamined identity

Ans: b

  1. Ted, a white American, doesn't think of himself as being white. He knows that minority groups are economically disadvantaged and supports educational efforts to expose minorities to European music, art, and literature. Ted is probably in the _____ stage of majority identity development.
  2. resistance
  3. unexamined identity
  4. redefinition and integration
  5. acceptance

Ans: d

  1. When a person moves from blaming minority members for their conditions to blaming the social system as a source of racial or ethnic problems, he or she is probably in the _____ stage of majority identity development.
  2. acceptance
  3. unexamined identity
  4. redefinition and integration
  5. resistance

Ans: d

  1. Dianna is comfortable being white although she can appreciate other groups. She recognizes that prejudice and racism are factors in our society but also realizes that blame, guilt, or denial doesn't really help eliminate racism. Dianna is probably in the _____ stages of majority identity development.
  2. resistance
  3. acceptance
  4. redefinition and integration
  5. unexamined identity

Ans: c

  1. Duncan has a white father and a Korean mother. He feels torn between two different cultures. He has difficulty making decisions, is troubled by ambiguity, and feels pressure from both groups. Here, Duncan is a(n) _____.
  2. assimilated
  3. encapsulated marginal
  4. global nomad
  5. constructive marginal

Ans: b

  1. _____ aremulticultural people who see themselves as choice makers. They seem to thrive in their lives on the margins of two cultures.
  2. Culture brokers
  3. Encapsulated marginals
  4. Global nomads
  5. Constructive marginal

Ans: d

  1. After 15 minutes of their first conversation, Chris tells MacKenzie that he (Chris) is gay. Clearly, _____ is an important aspect of how Chris identifies himself.
  2. age identity
  3. religious identity
  4. sexual identity
  5. ethnic identity

Ans: c

  1. Which of the following best describes the term interpellation?

a.the fundamental beliefs that are shared by the members of a cultural group

  1. the communication process by which one is pulled into the social forces that place people into a specific identity

c.the identification with the cultural notions of masculinity and femininity and what it means to be a man or a woman

d.the identification with feelings of connectedness to others and higher meanings in life

Ans: b

  1. A person whose gender identity matches the biological sex that she or he was born into is known as a(n):
  2. transgender.

b.ipsogender.

c.model minority.

  1. cisgender.

Ans: d

  1. _____ is a sense of belonging to a group that shares similar economic, occupational, or social status.
  2. Class identity
  3. Personal identity
  4. National identity
  5. Regional identity

Ans: a

  1. People who grow up in many different cultural contexts because their parents relocated are referred to as:
  2. model minorities.
  3. culture brokers.
  4. global nomads.

d.stereotypes.

Ans: c

TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS

  1. Microagressions are subtle insults directed toward cultural groups, often automatically or unconsciously.

Ans: T

  1. Old age is revered in the United States and many other societies.

Ans: F

  1. The racial classification of a person is largely determined by biology.

Ans: F

  1. A person in the redefinition and integration stage of majority identity development may minimize his or her communication with whites and seek out interactions with people of color.

Ans: F

  1. A multicultural person with a secure sense of self and exposure to more than one culture's norms and values is in the self-acceptance and assertion stage of multicultural identity development.

Ans: T

  1. Individualism is a core symbol of Mexican American identity.

Ans: F

  1. People with disabilities do not usually go through discernible stages of identity development because they are also members of larger cultural groups.

Ans:F

  1. White people have an advantage of race privilege.

Ans: T

  1. Gender is the same as biological sex.

Ans: F

  1. Individualized identity, evident in many collectivististic cultures, stresses the importance of emotional connectedness to and interdependence with others.

Ans: F

  1. According to the identity negotiation theory, cultural variability influences our sense of self and ultimately influences how successful we are in intercultural interactions.

Ans: T

  1. Ascription is the process by which individuals portray themselves, whereas avowal is the process by which others attribute identities to them.

Ans: F

  1. Core symbols tell us about the fundamental beliefs and the central concepts that define a particular identity.

Ans: T

ESSAY QUESTIONS

  1. How might white privilege affect intercultural communication?
  1. What is the relationship between communication and identity?
  1. How are racial categories constructed? How are they different from ethnic categories?
  1. Identify and discuss three common characteristics shared by white people in the United States.
  1. Why would U.S. Americans not like to discuss class distinctions? What are the ramifications of lack of recognition of class?
  1. What communication strategies are used to place someone in the class hierarchy in the United States?
  1. At what stage in the identity development model are you? Why? What experiences have facilitated or hindered your own identity development?